Editor's Note: This perspective from the force highlights an often overlooked component of airborne operations. It details the findings of a dedicated NCO who, after identifying a problem, invested significant personal effort to gather facts and propose a viable way forward. We encourage all Jumpmasters, leaders, and Air program managers to not only read this analysis but also to discuss its findings and recommendations within their organizations.

The Problem

The U.S. Army has an opportunity to enhance both fiscal stewardship and soldier safety during airborne operations by developing a more formalized capability for parachute and personnel recovery. The financial impact of equipment losses from events like tree landings is significant. Concurrently, the established recovery procedures for treed jumpers needlessly endanger service members. This article explores these challenges and recommends a path forward to create a standardized, safe, and cost-effective recovery capability that better aligns with the Army's operational needs and its commitment to its personnel.

The Financial Burden

Parachutes that cannot be recovered from trees, or are damaged during the landing and recovery process, represent a significant and recurring financial burden to the Army. Each individual parachute is a piece of high-value, life-support equipment with a substantial replacement cost. Thus, the cumulative effect of these incidents across all airborne units is considerable. Every unrecovered system diverts funds that could otherwise support other operational and modernization priorities. Even moderate losses aggregate into a substantial annual expense for the Army as a whole.

Risk Mitigation

In addition to the financial impact, I contend that risk mitigation and response regarding jumpers in trees is insufficient. For commanders (including designated airborne commanders presiding over an airborne operation), three proverbial blocks are universally checked, which serve primarily to mitigate liability rather than the risks to a soldier. The first mitigation is via Sustained Airborne Training (SAT), during which every jumper rehearses Chapter 3, section 80, from TC 3-21.220, Static Line Parachuting Techniques and Training. Every jumper mimics procedures, step-by-step, for the controlled activation and lowering of their reserve parachute, exiting of their parachute harness, and free climb. The second block is checked by the fact that no one orders a jumper to conduct self-recovery procedures. One who makes the attempt does so of their own volition, thus assuming the risk. The final block is checked when a jumper is unable or unwilling to self-recover, after which risk is outsourced entirely, usually to a fire department or utility company with a vehicle-mounted aerial lift (AKA cherry picker or bucket truck). Responsibility moves further away from leaders the more involved or time-consuming the issue becomes.

Pickin’ Bones

ARSOF prides itself as a premier force in which “humans are more important than hardware.” This notion should also reflect in our approach to personnel recovery during airborne operations. Tree landing training during SAT amounts to mimed hand gestures—akin to “learning” to tie your shoes by imitating the motions, then being forced at a random point in time to do it correctly on your first try with a two-story fall as the penalty for error. Research conducted by the British Royal Army Medical Corps shows that falls of 34 feet or more resulting in either head or chest injury carry a 50% mortality rate.⁰¹ A 2020 study found that the probability of death increases by 7% per foot of fall height. ⁰² Another study found falls over 18 feet present a 50% chance of ER-level injury, with nearly half of those injured involving spinal trauma. ⁰³ Yet the standard prescription is to descend 35–40 feet down paracord and canopy silk without fall protection, even for “Private Snuffy” fresh out of Airborne School.

For those suspended in harnesses awaiting rescue, risks mount. A study of 20 healthy adults in sit harnesses found that 30% experienced presyncope within an hour. ⁰⁴ Case reports note rhabdomyolysis and neurological complications within four hours. ⁰⁵ Venous pooling in a circulation-restrictive harness can form microclots within 10 minutes and fully formed clots within 30. ⁰⁶ Parachute harnesses, unlike sit harnesses, are not designed for prolonged suspension, compounding the danger. As a medic on the drop zone, I have seen jumpers left hanging for four hours and, on a couple of occasions, up to six hours. It has never failed to amaze me that the consensus is, “It’s out of our hands.”

“We Already Have Recovery Kits…”

Every airborne battalion I’ve served in has a “recovery” kit typically maintained by the battalion air program manager. In practice, they have been widely useless: common items have included short ladders incapable of reaching, twist-braid rope unsafe for climbing (and non-conducive to modern climbing, rescue, or mechanical advantage system hardware), axes irrelevant to the issue at hand, and climbing spurs that require training and additional equipment. These kits raise bigger questions: If units are responsible for recovery, who performs recovery, and how are they trained? If units are not responsible, why do we have kits at all? If units are responsible, but the kits consistently fail to produce results, why is “the kit” the kit? I posit that unit recovery kits offer little more than the illusion of preparedness.

Lack of Appetite and the Precedence to Challenge it

Most commanders I engaged on this topic seemed to view the notion as extraneous, with the following justification being the most prevalent: airborne operations are a combat capability, and there will be no “time-out” for recovery procedures in a contested environment. I concur with this sentiment. However, I am not advocating for the elimination of self-recovery procedures, which the confident and competent already execute. However, the argument stands: we still end up with people stuck in trees, and funds are still lost annually to replace unrecoverable chutes.

Illuminating the seriousness of the issue, in 2022, the Ranger Training Battalion at Fort Benning, Georgia, made a series of organizational and individual mistakes, resulting in the premature release of a jumper roughly 1,800 meters short of the leading edge of the drop zone. He ended up suspended in densely forested terrain approximately 800 meters off target at a height greater than the length of his reserve parachute and suspension lines, thus unable to self-recover. It was determined that the only recourse was to rely on the Fort Benning Fire Department to access and recover the soldier. The engine crew had no training for this task, as (unsurprisingly) jumper recovery is not part of their Fire Academy training, and none of the individuals had relevant secondary training.

The fire crew set up and ascended a ladder, affixed a pulley system to a branch above the soldier, and manually lowered him to the ground. Immediately upon activation of his canopy release assemblies, the branch snapped, resulting in a 50+ foot fall. The service member sustained serious injuries, including multiple major fractures, leaving RTB and the Fire Crew with a critical patient half a mile into the brush. After a lengthy investigation, corrective actions were recommended to the unit, Fort Benning Garrison Command, and the Army. Recommendations to the Army included developing and implementing standardized recovery training, resourcing, and processes.

What Solutions Exist?

Importing solutions from the civilian sector is not uncommon for the conventional military or SOF. Unfortunately, seemingly relevant conventional rescue models, such as High-Angle Rescue (HAR), are mismatched. HAR doctrine assumes fixed anchors and ergonomic rescue harnesses—conditions absent in tree landings. From 2020 to 2022, I attended several rescue-related courses alongside civilian rescuers and asked how they would retrieve a paratrooper 50 feet up or higher. Every response was the same: “Call an arborist.”

While researching this article, I was put in touch with a member of another special operations unit who stated that, mere weeks before our discussion, his organization had contracted an out-of-state tree company for exactly this type of training and resourcing, recognizing the need to adopt arborist skills to address this issue. Their conclusion: the Army only needs the most basic “crawl” level of arborist climbing techniques, with the “walk” and “run” being the intermediate and advanced rigging techniques used for the safe, controlled lowering of hundreds, or even over a thousand, pounds at a time. The relevant skills are far less risky than the complex tasks arborists perform daily with chainsaws aloft without any qualification or training course.

Arboriculture lacks a national or even generally recognized certification or standard. OSHA regulates cross-industry safety requirements, not arborist-specific standards or skill qualifications. E.g., whether inspecting a warehouse, construction site, or arborist site, OSHA inspects general safety items such as the hard-hat requirement for workers 6 or more feet from the ground and marking and PPE requirements based on proximity to traffic. The American National Safety Institute (ANSI) publishes best-practice guidance but is not a regulatory authority over any industry or profession. Thus, there is no readily available civilian course or an off-the-shelf solution for a recognized qualification. The Army’s fixation on qualifications over demonstrated ability is the real hurdle.

Recommendation
         
Ultimately, a complete institutional solution will likely require military-internal development of standards and material inventory, borrowing expertise from arborists and rope-work professionals. Initial civilian training cadres of inter-disciplinary professionals could inform baseline procedures, equipment lists, and safety measures, even in the absence of a universal civilian credential. A tiered model could mirror levels of medical training within ARSOF (e.g., Tactical Combat Casualty Care, SOF Austere Critical Care, and Special Operations Combat Medic):
 

• Basic: parachute recovery
• Intermediate: jumper recovery
• Advanced: enhanced self-recovery (e.g., military freefall personnel)

A complete mobility kit would likely cost around $3,500 or less, outfit a collective unit, last for years, and pay for itself after a single recovered system. To be clear, this recommendation offers an expansion of mobility capabilities, not an exclusively airborne-supportive concept. Airborne operations present an initial case for justification and recurrent instances through which vertical mobility capabilities can be exercised, refined, and standardized institutionally. However, such skills and equipment are not solely applicable to vertical mobility. If the Army were to minimize or delete airborne capabilities altogether, this would be irrelevant to the utility inherent to rope-based mechanical advantage systems and omnidirectional mobility. For instance, demand for drone recovery capabilities may soon exceed that for jumper and parachute recovery. Decision makers face a choice: sustain a status quo that tolerates unknown financial losses and unnecessary risk to their personnel or establish a professional recovery capability that aligns with the Army’s stated values and operational needs.

Author’s Note: Sergeant First Class Nathan Berry serves as an Instructor / Writer at the US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. The view, opinions, and analysis expressed do not represent the position of the U.S. Army or the Department of War.

References
01  Dickinson, A., Roberts, M., Kumar, A., Weaver, A., & Lockey, D. (2012). Falls From Height: Injury and Mortality. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 158(2), 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-158-02-11

02  Occupational Ladder Fall Injuries — United States, 2011. (2025). Cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6316a2.htm

03  Mekkodathil, A., El-Menyar, A., Kanbar, A., Hakim, S., Ahmed, K., Siddiqui, T., & Al-Thani, H. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of fall-related injuries: a retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09268-2

04  Rauch, S., Schenk, K., Strapazzon, G., Dal Cappello, T., Gatterer, H., Palma, M., Erckert, M., Oberhuber, L., Bliemsrieder, B., Brugger, H., & Paal, P. (2019). Suspension syndrome: a potentially fatal vagally mediated circulatory collapse—an experimental randomized crossover trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(6), 1353–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04126-5

05  Ibid.

06  Ibid.